The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that line the thousands of miles of veins and arteries. Because of inflammation, fat-laden foods, or exposure to toxins such as cigarette smoke, the endothelium is easily damaged. This attracts white blood cells to the site, and these cells and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol enter the inner surface of the artery. The endothelium’s main job is to defend the blood vessels from attack from microbes, pollutants, and other assailants by mounting an appropriate inflammatory response. Over time, however, prolonged irritation from smoking, salt- and fat-laden foods, and lack of exercise can deplete its anti-inflammatory reserve, opening the door to endothelial damage. This endothelial dysfunction can eventuallylead to damaged blood vessels. The arteries can stiffen over time and cause elevated blood pressure. When the arteries become narrowed or stiffened by cholesterol-filled plaque, heart attack or stroke may occur. |
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